when did silver threepence cease to be legal tender

An example was put up for auction in 2013, expecting 30,000. In the reign of Queen Anne (17021714), the same basic design was used, with threepences produced in 17031710 and 1713. The three pence coin expressed in writing as "3d" first appeared in England during the fine silver coinage of King Edward VI (154753), when it formed part of a set of new denominations. [citation needed]. I think that the name may have come into popular use around the time of the introduction of the new brass threepence to distinguish between the two types. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The reign of King George V (19101936) features several changes to the threepence denomination. One of the proposed coinage reforms of Edward VIII's reign was to introduce a new brass nickel threepence. The silver threepence was still produced and continued to circulate due to its popularity in Scotland and parts of the Commonwealth. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. This was followed by the dated issue, issued each year from 1670 to 1684, where the obverse features a right-facing uncrowned bust of the king and the inscription CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA, with the reverse showing three crowned interlinked "C"s (indicating the value) and the inscription MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX date. There are two types of Edward VIII brass threepences. 1644 Oxford, while around the outside of the coin is the legend EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI Let God arise and His enemies be scattered. In the reign of Queen Anne (1701-1714), the same basic design was used, with threepences produced in 1703-1710 and 1713. Continue with Recommended Cookies. From 1817 the dimensions of the coin were reduced to a weight of 1.4grams and diameter of 16 millimetres, following the Great Recoinage of 1816. Former coin of the United Kingdom and other territories, "Threepenny bit" redirects here. While older incarnations of the coin used a plain edge, the threepence of Queen Elizabeth IIs reign was inscribed with ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D in 1953, and subsequently used ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D until they ceased production in 1970. Due to their common nature, those with low gradings are worth pence. The inscription on the obverse throughout the reign was GEORGIVS V D G BRITT OMN REX F D IND IMP. The reverse inscription reads MAG BRI FR ET HIB REX date up to 1800 and BRITANNIARUM REX FID DEF date from 1817. As with all British silver coins, the silver content was reduced from sterling (0.925) silver to 50% silver, 40% copper, 10% nickel in 1920, 50% silver, 50% copper in 1922, and 50% silver, 40% copper, 5% nickel, 5% zinc in 1927, while the design of the reverse of the circulating threepence (but not the maundy threepence) was completely changed in 1927 to three oak sprigs with three acorns and a "G" in the centre, and the inscription THREE PENCE date. Still, they remain a popular coin for collectors due to the fact there are four distinct designs throughout this era. Threepences were struck in all years from 1822 to 1830, though the king's head is smaller on the 1822 issue, apparently because the correct punch broke and the one from the 2d was used instead. 1644 OX -- The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, the liberty of Parliament. Recommended Articles This has been a guide to Legal Tender & its meaning. The British pre-decimal halfpenny, (pronounced / hepni / ), historically also known as the obol [1] and once abbreviated ob. Threepence 1954 (Brass), Coin from United Kingdom - Online Coin Club When the Sea Turned to Silver Summary | SuperSummary It was consequently decided to introduce a more substantial threepenny coin which would be a more convenient weight/value ratio compared to the brass coinage. The reverse shows a long cross over the royal shield, surrounded by the legend (London mint) POSUI DEUM ADIUTOREM MEUM (I have made God my helper), or (York mint) CIVITAS EBORACI (City of York). If the owner of the set were short of money the three pence got spent! A further type produced at Oxford had on the obverse the kings' bust with the denomination behind him, and the letter "R" (for Rawlins, the maker of the die) below the king's shoulder and the legend CAROLUS D G M BR F ET H REX and the Aberystwyth reverse. The first obverse design from 1937-48 included the words GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP. meaning George the Sixth by the Grace of God King of all the Britains Defender of the Faith Emperor of India. Editions from 1949-52 omitted IND:IMP (Emperor of India) as The King had chosen to use a different title of Head of the Commonwealth. There was also a fairly rare milled coinage threepence, produced between 1561 and 1564 with similar designs and inscriptions to the hammered coinage threepences. The Silver Sequence - Wikipedia From 1817 the dimensions of the coin were reduced to a weight of 1.4 grams and diameter of 16 millimetres, following the Great Recoinage. 1644 Oxford, while around the outside of the coin is the legend EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI -- Let God arise and His enemies be scattered. [citation needed] There are two types of Edward VIII brass threepences. In 1937 a new design was introduced for the threepence of George VI. It was one of the most recognized coins of the pre-decimal English coinage system. We wrote the above in 1998 or 1999. . In Silver World, she turns into a weapon against The Roar. For the sole reign of William III, the design remained very similar, with the inscriptions changed to GVLIELMVS III DEI GRA and MAG BR FR ET HIB REX date. These coins are identifiable from other denominations by the rose behind the queen's head on the obverse, and the date on the reverse. They feature a left-facing crowned bust of the king with the numeral III behind him, with the legend CAROLUS D G MA BR F ET H RE, with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield with the date 1644 above the shield, and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO. The second silver issue came out part way through 1920 and was reduced to 0.500 silver due to the severe shortage of silver. Les Bayless (age 22), his brother John Bayless (age 17), and Michael Bransome (age 18) lived at a commune known as Blair House (7421 Blair Road) just down the . History of the threepence - Wikipedia Between 1937 and 1945 the silver threepence was minted each year during King George VIs reign, but it is the 1945 edition that is considered to be extremely rare. The obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king with the inscription GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX, while the reverse has an elegant design of a shield of St George lying on a Tudor rose, dividing the date, with the inscription FID DEF IND IMP THREE PENCE. 1943 threepence. The obverse inscription reads GEORGIUS IIII D G BRITANNIAR REX F D, while the reverse shows a new-style crowned "3" and date, all within a wreath. The silver coinage was issued with a silver content of 92.5%, known as sterling silver, until 1920. . This page is not available in other languages. By far the most common Charles I threepences were produced at the Aberystwyth mint between 1638 and 1642. Between 1937 and 1945 the silver threepence was minted each year during King George VI's reign, but it is the 1945 edition that is considered to be extremely rare. Maundy coins (and silver threepenny pieces of Maundy design, i.e. No. . While mentioning Joeys, weshould also mention that both types ofthreepenceswere usually called or pronounced threpence, undoubtedly because using a long ee sound makes for a slightly awkward pronunciation. The Edward VIII era saw the planned introduction of a new, larger, nickel-brass (79% copper, 20% zinc, 1% nickel) twelve-sided threepence coin. By the start of the reign of king George IV (1820-1830) the coin was being struck primarily as a Maundy coin, although some coins were struck for use in the colonies. This isn't quite true: * People could tell the difference (by size and weight) between penny, twopence and fourpence. See Maundy money for full details of these issues. The milled silver threepences of Charles II form two types. While the silver threepence was minted as a currency coin until nearly the middle of the 20th century, it is clear that the purpose of the coin changed during the reign of King George III (17601820). ), and therefore nicknamed these coins "Joeys" in derision (a reference to Joseph Hume) -- we know them as "Britannia Groats". This was almost certainly done to make it easy to distinguish more clearly the different sizes and values, but they did not state the specific value, such as 1, 2, 3, 4 pence etc. Queen Elizabeth I (15581603) produced threepences during her third coinage (15611577). In King William IV's reign (18301837), maundy coins were produced in 183137, and identical circulation coins were produced for the colonies, identifiable only through not having a prooflike surface. Threepences were struck in all years from 1822 to 1830, though the king's head is smaller on the 1822 issue, apparently because the correct punch broke and the one from the twopence was used instead. No. This was carried over to that of George VI following the abdication. Over the length of the reign there were several different designs of obverse and reverse in use. Unlike some of the larger denominations, they were not re-denominated to a decimal value when the decimal Pound Sterling was introduced. The inscription on the obverse reads GEORGIVS III DEI GRATIA up to 1800, and GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA date from 1817. The onepennyto four pencehavetraditionallybeen given out in Maundy ceremonies. The threepences of king Edward VIII were all patterns awaiting royal approval at the time of the abdication in December 1936. Shilling (British coin) - Wikipedia The effigy of the queen produced by Mary Gillick was used, with the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D used in 1953, and ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D used in all other years. The British farthing (derived from the Old English feorthing, a fourth part) was a British coin worth a quarter of an old penny (1 960 of a pound sterling).It ceased to be struck after 1956 and was demonetised from 1 January 1961. Also in John Camden Hotten, "The slang Dictionary " (1869) which gives the wrong title for Hawkins' "The Silver Coins of England Arranged and Described with " This must be referring to the 1841 edition rather than 1876, see the lower half of the page at (Google Books) As a threepence, it is sourced before 1936(!) However, it is believed a handful escaped, with one example selling for 62,000 at auction in 2020. Threepences were struck in all years from 1822 to 1830, though the king's head is smaller on the 1822 issue, apparently because the correct punch broke and the one from the twopence was used instead. While the Type 1 threepence of the George VI reign was minted from 1937 through to 1948, its the 1946 minted coins that are most noteworthy, partly due to no minting in 1947. The design continued in the reign of King George I, when threepences were produced in 1717, 1721, 1723, and 1727. . More specifically, the famous 12-sided design was only introduced in 1937, and before this, the threepence was actually round instead. The threepences of King Edward VIII were all patterns awaiting royal approval at the time of the abdication in December 1936. While the silver threepence was minted as a currency coin until nearly the middle of the twentieth century, it is clear that the purpose of the coin undoubtedly changed during the reign of king George III (1760-1820). Best Answer Copy The British brass threepence ceased to be legal tender after 31 August 1971, following decimalisation. [10] The London Mint Office oversaw the sale of the coins, which all date from George V's reign and were valued at a total of approximately 1m, although a more realistic valuation would be in the region of 60,000. When did silver three penny piece cease to be legal tender? Threepence 1940 (Brass), Coin from United Kingdom - Online Coin Club The effigy of the queen produced by Mary Gillick was used, with the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D used in 1953, and ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D used in all other years. With the withdrawal in the UK of the Britannia groat, some people transferred the nickname from the 4d to what then became the UK's smallest circulating coin - most people not having seen (let alone handled) Maundy pennies and twopences. For the first two years a somewhat caricatured portrait of the monarchs was used, replaced by a rather more staid portrait in 1691, with the inscription GVLIELMVS ET MARIA D G, while the reverse shows a crowned Arabic number "3" and the inscription MAG BR FR ET HIB REX ET REGINA date. This coin was produced in all years from 1953 to 1967, and in 1970 (in proof sets only). It was consequently decided to introduce a more substantial threepenny coin which would have a more convenient weight/value ratio than the silver coinage. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. On May 21, 1969, three young men walked into a Silver Spring, Maryland Selective Service office where they destroyed several hundred draft records to protest the war. This could have been with awareness of Australian usage, but: One example of joey = 4d is in "Undercurrents Overlooked, Volume 1" by Mrs. Wm. Threepences were produced both with the "young head" (183887) and with the "Jubilee head" (188793), inscribed VICTORIA D G BRITANNIAR REGINA F D, while those produced with the "old head" (18931901) are inscribed VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP. The inscription on the obverse reads GEORGIVS III DEI GRATIA up to 1800, and GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA date from 1817. The name has also been applied to any thick or large coin, such as the Groschen (grosso), a silver coin issued by Tyrol in 1271 and Venice in the 13th century, which was the first of this general size to circulate in the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. Its incredibly hard to state with certainty which threepence is the rarest due to the many years that they were produced for Maundy sets, however, there is one particular year that stands out. There is the undated issue which looks very like the earlier hammered coinage, with a crowned left-facing bust of the king with the denomination indicated by III behind his head, and the inscription CAROLVS II D G M B F & H REX, with the reverse showing a shield encircling the arms of England, Scotland, Ireland and France with the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO. Threepences of the fourth coinage (15781582) are identical except for having a slightly lower silver content. For the joint reign of William and Mary, threepences were produced in all years from 1689 to 1694. He was left inside the world to grow, so that when he broke free he could take over the world and eat all its children. However, the other six are still out there somewhere and, as such, they are extremely rare today. Milled coins were produced at the York mint between 1638 and 1649, which look similar to the Aberystwyth product but without the plumes the obverse features a left-facing crowned bust of the king with the numeral III behind him, with the legend CAROLUS D G MAG BR FR ET HI REX, with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield over a cross, with EBOR over the shield and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO. Some years, like 1847 and 1848, are considered extremely rare and could fetch a four-figure sum if they feature high-quality grading. Edward VI threepences were struck at the London and York mints. It was easy to see in change as it was yellow in appearance, and the multiple sides stood out as well as it being quite chunky unlike the small silver threepence. The obverse shows a right-facing bust of the King, with the inscription GEORGIVS DEI GRATIA while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and MAG BRI FR ET HIB REX date. By the end of George V's reign the threepence had become unpopular in England because of its small size (George Orwell comments on this in Keep the Aspidistra Flying[3]), but it remained popular in Scotland. A three pence coin was also used in the pre-decimalisation currencies of Commonwealth of Nations countries such as Fiji, Australia, and New Zealand. . A quantity of (370,000) silver threepences were struck dated 1945, although these were all melted with the metal used in other mint products. Milled coins were produced at the York mint between 1638 and 1649, which look similar to the Aberystwyth product but without the plumes -- the obverse features left-facing crowned bust of the king with the numeral III behind him, with the legend CAROLUS D G MAG BR FR ET HI REX, with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield over a cross, with EBOR over the shield and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO. The obverse shows a left-facing crowned bust of the queen with a rose behind her, surrounded by the legend ELIZABETH D G ANG FR ET HIB REGINA, while the reverse shows shield over a long cross, dated 1561, surrounded by the legend POSUI DEU ADIUTOREM MEU. If you were looking to sell a threepence to a collector the value goes up substantially, and you can simply take the estimated values above and convert them to dollars. When the Sea Turned to Silver Summary & Study Guide - www.BookRags.com When did the British Threepence cease to be legal tender? The old penny and threepence coins ceased to be legal tender on 31st August 1971, just over six months after D-day. The obverse inscription reads GEORGIUS IIII D G BRITANNIAR REX F D, while the reverse shows a new-style crowned "3" and date, all within a wreath. The last currency threepence's issued were dated 1967. Chard (1964) Ltd32-36 HarrowsideBlackpoolLancashireFY4 1RJSatNav Postcode: FY4 1LY, Company No: 01378220VAT No: GB 157 0712 74, King Stephen and Empress Matilda (1135 - 1154), King James I (Scotland 1567 - 1625) & (England 1603 - 1625), The Commonwealth of England (1649 - 1660), King James II of England & VII of Scotland (1685 - 1688), King William III (1688 - 1702) and Queen Mary II (1688 - 1694), The Coins of Queen Victoria - Young Head Portrait, The Coins of Queen Victoria - The Gothic Portrait, The Coins of Queen Victoria - The Jubilee Head Portrait, The Coins of Queen Victoria - The Old Head Portrait, Elizabeth II - The Sapphire Jubilee Crown, British Coin Denominations from Roman Times to Date, Common Names of British Coin Denominations, The Story of the Florin or Two Shilling Piece, Introducing the New 12 Sided One Pound Coin. The nickel-brass threepence took over the bulk of the production of the denomination, being produced in all years between 1937 and 1952 except 1947. This may sound confusing at first, but in the rest of this article well guide you through some key eras of threepence circulation and how much theyre worth. * Likewise, they could tell the difference between three-farthings, three-halfpence, threepence and sixpence. At first the coins had sharp corners, but during 1941 a more rounded collar was used, as failure of the collars was occurring too frequently. "This denomination was re-introduced for circulation in 1836 at the recommendation of Joseph Hume and nick-named after him 'Joeys'. . While it would take a lifetime to discuss the designs of every year from each monarchs reign, here are some of the most significant threepence pieces from its four-century history, with a particular emphasis on the 19th and 20th centuries. For the sole reign of William III, the design remained very similar, with the inscriptions changed to GVLIELMVS III DEI GRA and MAG BR FR ET HIB REX date. Following decimalisation, the brass threepence ceased to be legal tender after 31 August 1971. History of the threepence - Fact-index.com This coin also appears dated 1646. The final hammered coinage threepences were produced at the start of the reign of King Charles II. Threepences were issued in 1762-3, 1765-6, 1770, 1772, 1780, 1784, 1786, 1792, 1795, 1800, 1817, 1818, and 1820. When did the Threepenny coin cease? - Answers The threepenny was additionally used in many countries of the Commonwealth, including Australia and New Zealand, While they didnt go out of circulation until, 1945 George VI silver threepence coins sold for the equivalent of 4,000 in todays money to an unknown buyer. The reverse design remained the same, while the obverse showed the right-facing effigy of the king, with the inscription EDWARDVS VII D G BRITT OMN REX F D IND IMP. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In Beaumont and Fletcher's "The Scornful Lady", somebody gets "whipt, and then cropt, for washing out the roses in three-farthings to make them pence." The new coin is designed to be more difficult to counterfeit.[8][9]. At the same time a new brass alloy was used for the new twelve sided brass threepences. For the first two years a somewhat caricatured portrait of the monarchs was used, replaced by a rather more staid portrait in 1691, with the inscription GVLIELMVS ET MARIA D G, while the reverse shows a crowned Arabic number "3" and the inscription MAG BR FR ET HIB REX ET REGINA date. Did You Know? - Pre-Decimal Coins - Rampant Scotland Unusually, the same young portrait of King George II was used on the threepence throughout his reign (172760), despite an older portrait being used on other denominations from 1743. . Before decimalisation brought about a new currency with new coinage, the sum of three pence was pronounced variously /rpns/ THRUUP-nss, /rp-/ THREP-, /rp-/ THRUP-, reflecting different pronunciations in the various regions and nations of Great Britain. You can read more about copyright or our advice disclaimer on these links. Circulation issue groats had the Britannia reverse; Maundy Groats did not." * I would argue that this rose is a sort of mark of value! Hence the coin was not minted in the following two reigns. Its very common for the older generation to refer to threepences with the nicknames above, so dont be confused if you hear these terms. They are easily spotted due to the depiction of a number 3 on the reverse, signifying the original value of the threepence. Any 3d coin found from these eras is usually worth a few hundred pounds, and can potentially climb into the thousands. No threepences were produced by the Commonwealth. The obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king with the inscription EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D, and the reverse shows a three-headed 'thrift' plant with the inscription THREE PENCE 1937. Similar to the other seven Irish Free State coins, the Irish threepence was designed by the English artist Percy Metcalfe. From 1561, during the third and fourth coinages of Elizabth I,halfgroats(twopences) were issued, which had no rose. Pitt Byrne (R. Bentley, 1860) "Hi - hi - all you respectable people what 's got a joey, get half a pint of beer and sport the other threepence up here; " (and presumably beer is 2d a pint). Regards & best wishes, Ron H-W. Ron is correct when he states thatiswasn't quite true about the use of value marks. The currency threepence was issued for each of the nine years of the reign of King Edward VII from 1902. The mint at Bristol produced rare threepences in 1644 and 1645. Threepence pieces from the short reign of Edward VII are valued at just 2, although those minted in 1904 and 1906 are valued at 3. The silver threepence had another completely new reverse -- three interlinked rings of St. Edmund, with the inscription FID DEF IND IMP 1937 THREE PENCE, while the obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king with the inscription EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX. Unlike some of the larger . The other recently sold for 62,000 in 2020, more than double its presale estimated value. . The new silver threepence design was a shield bearing St. George's cross in the centre of a rose and was issued in 0.500 silver. The reverse shows a Tudor portcullis with chains and a coronet, with the inscription THREE PENCE date. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. No threepences were produced by the Commonwealth of England. Meanwhile, a higher grading will naturally bump up the valuation compared to a G, VG, or F rating. The threepenny was additionally used in many countries of the Commonwealth, including Australia and New Zealand. Farthing (British coin) - Wikipedia See Maundy money for full details of these issues. 6d. All rights reserved. It was restored again in 1947 to sterling silver when circulation silver coins were changed to cupro-nickel, although of course no circulation silverthreepenceswere being issued by then. These were for Maundy money only. Threepences were produced in 1729, 1731, 1732, 1735, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1746, and 1760. The young head was issued 1838-87, Jubilee head 1887-93 and old head 1893-1901. Silver threepences were no different to the nickel-brass variations and also ceased to be legal tender during decimalisation in 1971. The silver threepence continued to minted, as there may have been some uncertainty how well the new coin would be accepted. When the Sea Turned to Silve r (2016) by Grace Lin, a companion to Starry River of the Sky and Where the Mountain Meets the Moon, became a New York Times Bestseller and received a nomination for the National Book Award for Young People's Literature. The obverse shows a front-facing bust of the king, with a rose to the left and the value numeral III to the right, surrounded by the legend EDWARD VI D G ANG FRA Z HIB REX. This was followed by the dated issue, issued each year from 1670 to 1684, where the obverse features a right-facing uncrowned bust of the king and the inscription CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA, with the reverse showing three crowned interlinked "C"s (indicating the value) and the inscription MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX date. year) of silver Threepence . . A quantity of (370,000) silver threepences were struck dated 1945, although these were all melted with the metal used in other mint products. Threepences were issued in 176263, 176566, 1770, 1772, 1780, 1784, 1786, 1792, 1795, 1800, 1817, 1818, and 1820. This coin weighed 6.6 grams and the diameter was 21 mm across the sides and 22 mm across the corners. Legal tender - Wikipedia The first issue in 1935 was struck to commemorate the Jubilee of King George V. It was limited to 764 pieces and the Treasury decided to charge 7s. No threepences were produced by the Commonwealth. The coin has also been minted from nickel-brass as a 6.8g coin measuring 21mm and as a silver 1.5g coin with a diameter of 16.2mm. The coin was often referred to in conversation as a /rpni/ THRUUP-nee, /rpni/ THREP-nee or /rpni/ THRUP-nee bit. This article is about the history of the threepence. Dates used for the smaller coins were 156177. Value Marks Of The Silver Threepence Coin. Featuring the depiction of a young Queen Victoria, coins from most years in this era are worth around 10-12. For the joint reign of King William III and Queen Mary II, threepences were produced in all years from 1689 to 1694. There was a major change in the reverse from 1927-36 when a design of acorns and oak leaves was used. They feature a left-facing crowned bust of the king with plumes in front of his face and the numeral III behind him, with the legend CAROLUS DG MA B FR ET H REX (or a combination of M(A) B F(R) ET H(I)(B) depending on the engraver), with the reverse showing the royal arms on a large oval shield with plumes above the shield, and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO -- I reign under the auspices of Christ. The silver three pence coin (expressed in writing as "3d") first appeared in England during the reign of King Edward VI (1547-1553). The mint at Bristol produced rare threepences in 1644 and 1645. Coins were produced at the Oxford mint between 1644 and 1646, using the Aberystwyth dies for the obverse, while the reverse of the 1644 coin shows the Declaration of Oxford in three lines: RELI PRO LEG ANG LIB PAR. There were mixed opinions in 1937 when the first brass nickel threepence was issued but it soon became one of the nation's most loved coins due to its quirkiness. Set of three portraits of Queen Victoria three pences, young head, jubilee head and old head. All milled silver threepences were 17 millimetres in diameter and weighed 1.5 grams dimensions which were unchanged until near the end of the reign of George III. Coinage - 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand - Te Ara However, we must assume that the coin ceased to be legal tender around the late 1850s/ early 1860s.

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