pulmonary edema and covid vaccine
Overall, the decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, misregulation of sodium, potassium, AQP, and RAS channels and abnormal metabolism of BK and HA can all lead to lung liquid clearance failure and pulmonary edema, resulting in severe lung damage and ARDS in COVID-19 patients (Figure 6 The general regulation approaches of AFC). Comment on "Organprotective Effect of Angiotensinconverting Enzyme 2 and its Effect on the Prognosis of COVID19". Acta (Bba) - Gen. Br. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.3.L631, Perkins, G. D., McAuley, D. F., Thickett, D. R., and Gao, F. (2006). 173 (3), 281287. Invited Review: Active Fluid Clearance from the Distal Air Spaces of the Lung. (2021). 282 (8), 55975607. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 - PubMed Science 367 (6485), 14441448. 192 (8), 37653777. (2020a). doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000125623.56442.20, Nayler, W., and Dillon, J. First, we could not entirely rule out infection, but results of blood cultures and COVID-19 testing were negative. Physiol. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12431, Schlagenhauf, P., Grobusch, M. P., Maier, J. D., and Gautret, P. (2020). Dis. The Pfizer study defined their primary endpoint as cases of symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least seven days after the second injection, while Moderna counted symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after the second injection. North America 33 (4), 869889. Received: 05 February 2021; Accepted: 25 May 2021;Published: 07 June 2021. Physiol. (2020). Maresin Conjugates in Tissue Regeneration 1 Improves Alveolar Fluid Clearance by Upregulating Alveolar ENaC, Na, KATPase in Lipopolysaccharideinduced Acute Lung Injury. Immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations may trigger acute exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis among susceptible patients, according to data published in the American Journal of. Care 21 (1), 305. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1882-z, Zhang, H., Kang, Z., Gong, H., Xu, D., Wang, J., Li, Z., et al. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058, Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., et al. Elife 9, e59177. Natl. 310 (10), L928L939. Natl. 275 (2), L414L422. J. Physiol. Bookshelf The University of Connecticut Foundation, Inc. Office of Development and Alumni Relations 10 Talcott Notch Road Suite 100 Farmington, CT 06032 As such, TRPV4 inhibition likely has protective and beneficial effect on mucus clearance and pulmonary edema. Inhibiting these TRPs may benefit the treatment of pulmonary edema. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Na+/K+-ATPase and ion channels (sodium, potassium, AQPs, and TRPs) are all involved in the regulation of AFC. Evidences for TRPs as medium of lung injury are emerging from studies on various inhalational chemical threats (Achanta and Jordt, 2020). Upregulation of Alveolar Epithelial Active Na + Transport Is Dependent on 2 -Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. (2017). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Online]. (2020). Crit. ACIP reviews data. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Med. COVID-19: Evaluation and management of adults with - UpToDate 104, 81125. Am. Certain vaccine-preventable diseases can also increase swelling of your airways and lungs. However, so far, no effective inhibitors have been developed against HAS2. Potential drugs for normalizing humoral metabolism. Maresin1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through the Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel Na,K-ATPase via the ALX/PI3K/Nedd4-2 Pathway. 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. The stimulation of TRPA1 can cause coughing, hypersecretion of mucus, rapid shallow breathing as well as bronchoconstriction (Bessac and Jordt, 2008; Birrell et al., 2009), which, if persistent, may cause ARDS and other chronic diseases. The site is secure. (2020). (2021). Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03148-w, Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.-x., et al. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Med. Quantitative mRNA Expression Profiling of ACE 2, a Novel Homologue of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. Decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, dysregulation of sodium and potassium channels, aquaporins, and renin angiotensin system, and abnormal metabolism of bradykinin and hyaluronic acid as well as cytokine inflammatory storm all lead to ARDS and pulmonary edema. (2020). Tumor Necrosis Factor- Inhibits Aquaporin 5 Expression in Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Since hypokalemia is a major issue in severe COVID-19 patients (Lippi et al., 2020), amiloride with its potassium-sparing diuretic activity (Bull and Laragh, 1968) can potentially be used to restore normal serum potassium concentrations (Maronde et al., 1983). 7 (4). FOIA HM designed the framework of the review. The COVID-19 test was negative but with low blood pressure, leukocytosis, skin rash, pulmonary edema, and increased inflammation markers. Ion channels, AQPs, RAS, bradykinin and hyaluronic acid are factors influencing the pulmonary edema. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.025, Bartoszewski, R., Matalon, S., and Collawn, J. F. (2017). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Nature 590, 635641. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Immunol. Pulmonary edema secondary to congestive heart failure Pulmonary Edema. Physiol. 274, L203L211. With treatment, most people with this type of pulmonary edema recover in about 24 hours. Epub 2020 May 13. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00438.x, Bailey, A. L., Dmytrenko, O., Greenberg, L., Bredemeyer, A. L., Ma, P., Liu, J., et al. Med. Struct. Thus, it could be a potential RdRp inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 (Lung et al., 2020). eCollection 2021. TRPA1 Agonists Evoke Coughing in guinea Pig and Human Volunteers. The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. Chinese Medicine (TCMs), already widely used in China, may also be beneficial in addressing pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients (Zhang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020d). Res. . It is worth mentioning that, except alveoli, which is widely known as the target tissue, cardiomyocyte can be infected as well. Can COVID-19 cause pulmonary embolism? FIGURE 6. Pharmacol. Res. doi:10.1007/s00424-018-2232-y, Woods, P. S., Tazi, M. F., Chesarino, N. M., Amer, A. O., and Davis, I. C. (2015). Annu. 383, 23332344. (1999). (2020). Accessibility Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). COVID-19 vaccination may cause acute IPF exacerbation - Healio Several cases of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia from a similar viral vector vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]) have been reported. (2020b). doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2019.19.008, Rasaeifar, B., Gomez-Gutierrez, P., and Perez, J. J. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2514, Chow, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Plumb, J., O'Brodovich, H., and Hu, J. (2020a). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. With the presence of active basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, inhibition of the entry of apical Na+ can generate a concentration gradient inducing the uptake of basolateral Na+ with Cl by Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and thus induce the apical secretion of Cl (Solymosi et al., 2013). As reported, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa) in alveoli can reduce alveoli opening during hypoxia, detect O2 variation, and adjust ion transport and fluid clearance (Jovanovi et al., 2003). Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Associated to Mitigation of Disease Severity in Elderly COVID-19 Patients. Chem. Arek Sarkissian. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 40 (21), 42454250. (2020). J. Clin. Therefore, severe infections, which are induced by influenza virus, target the distal lung epithelial cells, inhibit the ENaC via activating protein kinase C (Kunzelmann et al., 2000), and damage the pulmonary surfactant (Hofer et al., 2015; Ito et al., 2015; Woods et al., 2015). As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. Lab. J. Respir. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5, Thorneloe, K. S., Cheung, M., Bao, W., Alsaid, H., Lenhard, S., Jian, M.-Y., et al. COVID-19 Lung Damage | Johns Hopkins Medicine SN Compr. B., and Matthay, M. A. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Lung Injury in COVID-19 Has Pulmonary Edema as an Important Component and Treatment with Furosemide and Negative Fluid Balance (NEGBAL) Decreases Mortality. However, further researches into the mode of action, efficacy and safety of these drugs are required. 97 (5), 543554. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Res. 63 (3), 457460. Pharmacol. Are The Two Newly Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines Safe and Effective? We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. Respir. -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. Patients receive high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), mechanical ventilation or ECMO as respiratory supports (Guo et al., 2020; Pascarella et al., 2020), a crystalloid fluid to ensure body fluid equilibrium (Christ-Crain et al., 2020), and anticoagulants for restraining the thrombus formation to aid in circulatory support (Connors and Levy, 2020). Allergy Clin. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. (2020b). Care Med. Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). Res. It has been reported that infection with a respiratory-associated virus can significantly increase the expression and activity of TRPV1 (Abdullah et al., 2014). Neurosci. As the activation of AT1 receptor promotes the pulmonary edema, AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) like losartan, valsartan may be effective in decreasing pulmonary edema. As Towne et al., (2001) reported, AQP-5 expression significantly declined during pulmonary inflammation and edema, and TNF- decreased AQP5 mRNA and protein expression levels via TNFR1 and NF-B pathway (Towne et al., 2001). Ann. This should ease some symptoms. Thus, promoting the degradation of HA may be significant in the recovery process. J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. Zhang J, Zhou N, Wang Y, Liu T, Cao Y, Feng W, Zheng X. In early April 2021, an 86-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of weakness, dyspnoea and fever. PDF Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) medRxiv.doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.20107607, Hu, K., Guan, W.-j., Bi, Y., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, B., et al. Science 367 (6483), 12601263. The Serum and Glucocorticoid Kinase Sgk Increases the Abundance of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Xenopus Oocytes. Glucocorticoid-stimulated Lung Epithelial Na(+) Transport Is Associated with Regulated ENaC and Sgk1 Expression. Am. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894 However, palpable lymphadenopathy commonly involving the axilla as an immune response to vaccination may present a clinical diagnostic dilemma especially in persons with . (2018). N. Engl. We argue for expeditious clinical testing of this inhibitor in COVID-19 patients with respiratory malfunction and at risk for lung edema. Pflugers Arch. 80 (4), 394400. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.001053, Fronius, M. (2013). Sci. (2020a). Oxygen flows through a face mask or a flexible plastic tube with two openings (nasal cannula) that deliver oxygen to each nostril. J. Thromb. Negative-feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. Cryo-EM Structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation. LipoxinA4 Attenuates Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury by Regulating AQP-5 and MMP-9 Expression, Anti-apoptosis and PKC/SSeCKS-mediated F-Actin Activation. Intensive Care Med. 19 (5), 305306. Inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory storm in COVID-19 patients can strongly induce the expression of HA-synthase-2 (HAS2), while hyaluronidase level decreases, resulting in the accumulation of HA and inducing ARDS and pulmonary edema (Shi. (2010). Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use. Recombinant ACE2 was also reported to be a potential therapy in the clinical study of ARDS, which can lead to rapid decrease of plasma Ang II level and IL-6 expression. (2020). 291 (6), L1207L1219. Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID-19: inhibition of TRPV4 represents a promising and feasible approach. 156, 104761. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761, Sartori, C., Allemann, Y., Duplain, H., Lepori, M., Egli, M., Lipp, E., et al. Fatal Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). RAS, especially several cleavage products of the peptide angiotensin (AGT) along with their receptors, maintains a balance of fluid volume and pressure. Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. 3 (1), 237261. Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Currently, no specific drug has been developed to against COVID-19, although some existing drugs have been repurposed and approved for treating hospitalized patients (Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Schlagenhauf et al., 2020). J. Intern. It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Rev. 382 (18), 17081720. Glucocorticoids, especially dexamethasone, have already been applied in the clinical treatment of COVID-19. Ijerph 17 (15), 5320. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155320, Kunzelmann, K., Beesley, A. H., King, N. J., Karupiah, G., Young, J. (2004). doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.003, Solymosi, E. A., Kaestle-Gembardt, S. M., Vadasz, I., Wang, L., Neye, N., Chupin, C. J. Chem. Pathol. Nervous system conditions or surgeries. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3382, Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Bruno, F., Del Buono, R., Costa, F., et al. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. [Effect of Astragali Radix in Improving Early Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome Rats through ACE2/Mas Pathway]. JAMA 324 (8), 782793. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. Some patients also have leucopenia and lymphopenia, suggesting a weak immune function, and high prothrombin time and D-dimer level, indicating abnormal blood clotting function (Wang et al., 2020), which can all lead to lung damage and the severer pulmonary edema. Abnormal humoral metabolism is mainly manifested as imbalances of water and electrolytes. 2023 Feb 13;11(2):435. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020435. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2020). J. Appl. Although NT-proBNP had an AUC of 0.89 in our patients with acute pulmonary edema, the study that reported an AUC of 0.96 did not include acute pulmonary edema or acute heart failure , and they excluded patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2, a group that constituted nearly half of our patients with hypertensive emergency. COVID-19 Vaccination-related Lymphadenopathy: What To Be Aware Of Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. 8 (8), 807815. Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. 225 (4), 618627. J. Pathol. Cel Mol Biol 28 (3), 363372. Am. A recent review suggested that low-to-moderate doses of dexamethasone may lower the mortality rate in patients with severe infections (Ahmed and Hassan, 2020) and the latest finding indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio determines the clinical efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, as a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >6.11 associating with lower mortality in patients on corticosteroids (Cai et al., 2021). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. In COVID-19 patients, pulmonary edema is diagnosed by lung ultrasound and a computerized tomography (CT) scan (Udugama et al., 2020). An official website of the United States government. New theories of the possible link between Covid shots and tinnitus are Most of the published data about this association come from case reports and series. Proc. J. Cel Physiol 235 (12), 95109523. Chin. An Orally Active TRPV4 Channel Blocker Prevents and Resolves Pulmonary Edema Induced by Heart Failure. Moreover, the constituent Ephedra can trigger bronchodilation, relieve breathing disorders and alleviate pulmonary edema (Zhang et al., 2018). After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. It has been observed that MMP-2 and MMP-9, two most crucial MMPs in the lung are over-expressed in pulmonary edema (Negrini et al., 1996; Negrini et al., 1998; Passi et al., 1998), suggesting that MMPs may become a potential target for pulmonary edema treatment. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Authors Mabrouk Bahloul 1 . 12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. Vaccine-induced interstitial lung disease: a rare reaction to COVID-19 Alveolar macrophage dysfunction and cytokine storm in the pathogenesis of two severe COVID-19 patients. The imbalance of fluid metabolism, pulmonary fluid clearance (PFC) and rich-protein fluid entrance, may be a key reason for the acute exacerbation of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to CD44 in COVID-19 treatment. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105/5811022, Minakata, Y., Suzuki, S., Grygorczyk, C., Dagenais, A., and Berthiaume, Y. doi:10.1007/s00210-014-1058-1, Grant, R. A., Morales-Nebreda, L., Morales-Nebreda, L., Markov, N. S., Swaminathan, S., Querrey, M., et al. 34, 101658. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, Abdullah, H., Heaney, L. G., Cosby, S. L., and McGarvey, L. P. A. COVID-DSNet: A novel deep convolutional neural network for detection of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) cases from CT and Chest X-Ray images. Consequently, drugs that can normalize humoral metabolism should be clinically evaluated for their use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients (Table 1). Structure and Hormone Responsiveness of the Gene Encoding the -Subunit of the Rat Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel. Molecular Features of Non-selective Small Molecule Antagonists of the Bradykinin Receptors. After internal reviews of the reports, the CDC "did not find any data suggesting a link between Covid-19 vaccines and tinnitus," an agency . Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. You might run a fever and experience body aches, headaches and tiredness for a day or two. Vaccines (Basel). Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. Care Med. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions & Adverse Events Amiloride, a prototypic inhibitor of ENaC, might also have a potential in treating COVID-19 patients. A., Weber, D., Addison, E., Liedtke, W., and Townsley, M. I. Hyponatremia (low blood sodium concentration) as well as low concentrations of potassium and calcium in the blood serum are also associated with COVID-19 (Lippi et al., 2020). Am. Diagn Pathol. Am. Besides those direct causes of COVID-19 pulmonary edema, there are other factors that can be described as abnormal humoral metabolism which can influence the AFC and PFC, resulting the manifestation of pulmonary edema (Figure 3 Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema). He was medicated with methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg and diuretics and recovered rapidly. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Therefore, the excessive release and decreased hydrolysis of BK through activating BKB1 and BKB2 receptors result in extra vascular leakage and pulmonary edema (Figure 5 Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs) (Zwaveling et al., 2020). Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. Pulmonary vessels and perfusion are frequently abnormal in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and may point to a key role of pulmonary vascular pathology and hypoxemia in COVID-19. TRP Functions in the Broncho-Pulmonary System. COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report. (2021). A., et al. doi:10.1164/rccm.200905-0665OC, Bull, M. B., and Laragh, J. H. (1968). Am. COVID-19 can cause blood clots, even months after diagnosis. COVID-19; abnormal lung humoral metabolism; drug; pulmonary edema; syndrome coronavirus 2; traditional Chinese medicine. Immunol. 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. J. Ethnopharmacology 265, 113301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113301, Li, F. (2016). Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), present in human lungs, kidneys and other organs, plays a vital role in lung fluid clearance (Figure 4 Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema) (Matthay et al., 2002). BMJ 369, m1432. HA-related hydrogel has been found in both, ARDS and SARS. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The activation of -adrenergic receptor, especially 2 (Mutlu et al., 2004), was found to stimulate Na+ and fluid reabsorption. J. Respir. Pharmacol. (2020a). Myocarditis, Pulmonary Hemorrhage, and Extensive Myositis with Among all vaccine recipients, 66.6% reported at least one systemic reaction in the 7 days after vaccination. doi:10.4268/cjcmm20152124, Wang, Q., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Wen, H.-X., Tao, Z., et al. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). (2020). 383 (19), 18131826. Toxicol. TRPs regulate their functions through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways and play an important role in complicated pulmonary pathophysiologic events, such as increased intracellular calcium levels, recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, cough reflex, blocked mucus clearance, epithelia integrity disruption, pulmonary edema, fibrosis and so on (De Logu et al., 2016). Crit. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1432, Fleckenstein, A. (2014). -, Achanta S., Jordt S. E. (2020). Biochim. B., van der Loos, C. M., et al. So far, only remdesivir was approved by FDA for the compassionate use in severe infected COVID-19 patients (Beigel et al., 2020). Physiol. JAMA 323 (16), 15821589. 2, 26372646. CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA We observed a case of a delayed local reaction in a 38-year-old woman who had received the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Sci. doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.20029975, Yin, J., Hoffmann, J., Kaestle, S. M., Neye, N., Wang, L., Baeurle, J., et al. (2020). doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.09.009, Zhuo, X.-J., Hao, Y., Cao, F., Yan, S.-F., Li, H., Wang, Q., et al. As in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, docosahexaenoic acid and its derivatives stimulate AFC through alveolar ENaC, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway (Wang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017). Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. Res. Currently, only icatibant has been approved as bradykinin antagonist for clinical treatment, and relevant studies have revealed that cefepime, cefpirome, imatinib, raloxifene, sildenafil, ponatinib, abemaciclib and entrectinib may also act as prospective non-selective bradykinin antagonists and have potential for treatment of COVID-19 (Rasaeifar et al., 2020). Am. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients are unclear. (2007). (2015). The Clinical Benefits of Chinese Patent Medicines against COVID-19 Based on Current Evidence. Association between Early Treatment with Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. doi:10.1073/pnas.160041997, Leroy, C., Priv, A., Bourret, J.-C., Berthiaume, Y., Ferraro, P., and Brochiero, E. (2006). doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c02624, Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., and Veesler, D. (2020). Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. Med. Crit. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. Am. COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis: A Systemic Review and - PubMed (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. Int. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. Here, we summarized several natural compounds and TCM formulas which are very likely to be potential drugs or have already shown predominant efficacy of COVID-19 patients. Front. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. FIGURE 4. Hormonal Regulation and Genomic Organization of the Human Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. Ann. However, the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which may be triggered by inflammatory factors (Shapiro, 2001), brings PG degradation, inducing pulmonary edema. China Life Sci. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2004.01754.x, Garvin, M. R., Alvarez, C., Miller, J. I., Prates, E. T., Walker, A. M., Amos, B. K., et al.
