linus pauling vitamin c, lysine protocol
Asleh R, Levy AP. Linus Pauling Institute Gut. A 2014 meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials in subjects with or without chronic diseases summarized the effect of supplemental vitamin C on endothelial function by measuring FMD (19 studies), assessing forearm blood flow (20 studies), or by pulse wave analysis (5 trials) (39). 2004;15(12):3225-3232. These, together with a general anti-oxidant recommendation which included vitamin A and E, were his specific recommendation for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this context, it is important to note that data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have indicated that vitamin C levels in plasma and circulating cells become fully saturated at intakes of about 400 mg/day in young, healthy nonsmokers. (PubMed), 73 Jenab M, Riboli E, Ferrari P, et al. (PubMed), 105. Similar results have been reported in septic patients given intravenous vitamin C (1.5 g/6 h), hydrocortisone (50 mg/6 h), and thiamin (200 mg/12 h) until hospital discharge. 2018;20(2):145-166. Gastric Cancer. Intravenous ascorbic acid infusion improves myocardial perfusion grade during elective percutaneous coronary intervention: relationship with oxidative stress markers. Controversy surrounding the efficacy of vitamin C in cancer treatment ensued, leading to the recognition that the route of vitamin C administration is critical (22, 159). (PubMed), 158. (PubMed), 134. (PubMed), 152. World J Crit Care Med. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. (PubMed), 147. (PubMed), 179. Cell Death Dis. Other trials also failed to show any evidence of an effect of vitamin C on the risk of stroke. P R Health Sci J. Galasko DR, Peskind E, Clark CM, et al. 1998;68(5):309-315. J Am Coll Nutr. Although free metal ions are not generally found under physiological conditions, the idea that high doses of vitamin C might be able to promote oxidative damage in vivo has received a great deal of attention. Dingchao H, Zhiduan Q, Liye H, Xiaodong F. The protective effects of high-dose ascorbic acid on myocardium against reperfusion injury during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children. (PubMed), 46 Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. Hoffer LJ, Levine M, Assouline S, et al. 2010;29(3):215-217. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. Dr. Ward Dean, MD answered 5 years ago. Yet, plasma concentrations of vitamin C 50 mol/L are sufficient to saturate muscle tissue vitamin C. There is also some limited evidence suggesting that individuals who carry certain polymorphisms in genes involved in vitamin C transport and detoxification mechanisms may have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations even with high vitamin C intakes (see also Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus) (reviewed in 27). 2018;9:1182. Adv Nutr. Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. Another large, multi-center, prospective studythe Womens Health Initiativethat followed 154,363 postmenopausal women for 11 years found that dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake at baseline was inversely associated with diffuse B-cell lymphoma, a subtype of NHL (81). Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function. In an observational study that included 1,387 men, higher intakes of vitamin C were associated with lower serum concentrations of uric acid (117). Am J Epidemiol. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. Finally, no significant effect of vitamin C supplementation (1-8 g/day) was observed in therapeutic trials in which vitamin C was administered after cold symptoms occurred. For a more detailed review of scientific research on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. A number of possible adverse health effects of very large doses of vitamin C have been identified, mainly based on in vitro experiments or isolated case reports, and include genetic mutations, birth defects, cancer, atherosclerosis, kidney stones, "rebound scurvy," increased oxidative stress, excess iron absorption, vitamin B12 deficiency, and erosion of dental enamel. (PubMed), 109. 1999;18(2):166-170. Br J Anaesth. 1982;47(3):473-482. Also after Pauling passed, Life Extension reported on Japanese research showing that vitamin K has hormone-like properties, which help move calcium from soft tissue into bones. (PubMed), 63. (PubMed), 81. However, no difference in the infarct size between antioxidant vitamin treatment and placebo was seen (138). Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). Clin Neuropsychol. Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Ljung H, Bruce A, Wolk A. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. 2011;40(6):483-500. The Linus Pauling Protocol - Vitamin C Vitamin C Deficiency Has Major Impact on Collagen Production Vitamin C is required to make a protein called collagen which is the major component of connective tissues. 2008;105(32):11105-11109. (PubMed), 100. Regular supplementation with vitamin C (0.25 to 2 g/day) did not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population (23 trials); however, in participants undergoing heavy physical stress (e.g., marathon runners, skiers, or soldiers in subarctic conditions), vitamin C supplementation halved the incidence of colds (5 trials). 2009;46(11):1558. 2017;9(11). Levine M, Padayatty SJ. Vitamin C intake, circulating vitamin C and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Micronutrient intake in relation to all-cause mortality in a prospective Danish cohort. (PubMed), 111. Symptoms of scurvy include subcutaneous bleeding, poor wound closure, and bruising easily, hair and tooth loss, and joint pain and swelling. New England Journal of Medicine 302:694, 1980. 2016;5(2):94-100. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. The history of these products might make the reasons for (and differences in them) easier to understand. Ashor AW, Lara J, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function in health and disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Contemp Clin Trials. These observations need to be confirmed in larger, well-designed trials. Nutr J. Mann EA, Baun MM, Meininger JC, Wade CE. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. Of note, because intravenous administration of 80 g of vitamin C precipitated hemolytic anemia in two subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, patients due to receive high-dose vitamin C infusion are systematically screened for this genetic disorder (166). In the three trials that included a total of 40 participants with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, vitamin C administration before exercise (a 0.5-g dose on two subsequent days in one trial, a single dose of 2 g in the second trial, and 1.5 g daily for two weeks in the third trial) significantly reduced the exercise-induced decline in FEV1. The European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective cohort study investigated the relationship between vitamin C status and incident heart failure in healthy adults (9,187 men and 11,112 women, aged 58.1+/-9.2 years) (49). (PubMed), 53. Naeini AM, Elmadfa I, Djazayery A, et al. By pooling data from 13 prospective cohort studies comprising 676,141 participants, it was determined that dietary intake of vitamin C was not associated with colon cancer, while total intake of vitamin C (i.e., from food and supplements) was associated with a 19% reduced risk of colon cancer (79). 2006;8 Suppl 1:S2. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Nutrients. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. (PubMed), 103. Effects of a novel ascorbate-based protocol on infarct size and ventricle function in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty. (PubMed), 23. Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. Front Physiol. Milner AD, Rao H, Greenough A. PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs (PubMed), 75. These enzymes contribute to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by catalyzing reactions involved in the demethylation of DNA and histones. (PubMed), 57. Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. 2011;34(1):108-114. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. The first 250 mg leads you up to the level where the blood is saturated. (PubMed), 192. 2005;192(6):1856-1862; discussion 1862-1853. 2005;135(7):1673-1677. The potential effect of antioxidants during chemotherapy is not well understood, yet only likely to be an issue if a specific chemotherapeutic agent acts through an oxidative mechanism, which is uncommon (171). Although the analysis adjusted for several lifestyle and known risk factors, the authors noted that other healthy behaviors and/or folate intake may have confounded the association. The work of Linus Pauling stimulated public interest in the use of doses greater than 1 g/day of vitamin C to prevent the common cold (177). Cell Mol Life Sci. You can achieve a higher volume [concentration] in the blood by a larger intake, but you get much better improvement for the first 250 mg than for additional grams." 2009;56(5):764-770. Jacobs C, Hutton B, Ng T, Shorr R, Clemons M. Is there a role for oral or intravenous ascorbate (vitamin C) in treating patients with cancer? The effect of intravenous vitamin C on cancer- and chemotherapy-related fatigue and quality of life. In contrast, a 2014 meta-analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies in 17,696 women with breast cancer found a lower risk of total and breast cancer-specific mortality with higher supplemental and dietary vitamin C intakes (126). (PubMed), 77. Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. (PubMed), 68 Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. cholesterol. In the US, Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting 5.5 million individuals 65 years and over (97). (PubMed), 141. Al-Khudairy L, Flowers N, Wheelhouse R, et al. Diabetol Metab Syndr. (PubMed). Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice. In this latter trial, a greater decline in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was observed in the supplemented group, however, the significance of this observation remains unclear. Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer. By the late 1700s, the British navy was aware that scurvy could be cured by eating oranges or lemons, even though vitamin C would not be isolated until the early 1930s. Am J Clin Nutr. (PubMed), 78. (PubMed), 34. The most recent large prospective cohort study found an inverse association between dietary vitamin C intake and CHD mortality in Japanese women, but not in men (48). Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. 2007;83(11):707-711. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Kao AW, et al. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules ( Figure 1 ). (PubMed), 144. The heart muscle may become oxygen-deprived (ischemic) as the result of myocardial infarction or with aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. On the other hand, when plasma vitamin C concentration was measured, cross-sectional studies have consistently indicated an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and blood pressure in both men and women (41-43). (PubMed), 140. One 12-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in 456 participants with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin examined the effect of vitamin C (500 mg/day) or acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin; 100 mg/day) on risk factors for diabetes-related complications such as CVD (147). Disparate results are likely due to study design issues, often linked to a lack of understanding of vitamin C pharmacokinetics and requirements (19, 20). Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. PHS II found that vitamin C supplementation (500 mg/day) for an average of eight years had no significant effect on major cardiovascular events, total myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular mortality (53). 2001;21(3):235-237. (PubMed), 206. A meta-analysis of 36 studies on the relationship between vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations found that the elderly require a substantially higher daily intake of vitamin C to attain plasma concentrations that younger adults achieve at a lower intake. Administration of a 1-gram (g) vitamin C infusion one hour prior to the angioplasty reduced the concentrations of oxidative stress markers and improved microcirculatory perfusion compared to placebo (130). 2011;43(6):624-627. Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. Additionally, work by Linus Pauling Institute investigators has shown that cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age, supporting the notion that vitamin C requirements are increased in the elderly. Hendler SS, Rorvik DM. J Am Soc Nephrol. Oregon State University, Copyright 2000-2023 Linus Pauling Institute. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. 2014;4:283. 2. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2009 by: (PubMed). Stroke. Divergent effects of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C on the generation of dysfunctional HDL associated with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype. Information regarding vitamin C and the prevention of chronic disease is based on both observational prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials(29, 37). 2015;6(4):570-581. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Lassnigg A, Punz A, Barker R, et al. Arch Intern Med. Linus Pauling Dosage Recommendations Tower sells high-dose powdered vitamin C, lysine and proline-rich Lp (a) binding inhibitor drink mixes for cardiovascular disease as recommended by Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. Carol's story is but one in 18 YEARS of consistent testimony which demonstrates that Linus Pauling's rec ommended dosages of the vitamin C, lysine (and proline) (which he and Dr. Rath called Lp (a) binding inhibitors) are almost always effective for reversing symptoms of advanced coronary heart disease within 30 to 90 days after achieving the Plasma vitamin C level, fruit and vegetable consumption, and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: the European prospective investigation of cancer--Norfolk prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (PubMed), 93. Phase I clinical trial of i.v. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. Although the use of lead paint and leaded gasoline has been discontinued in the US, lead toxicity continues to be a significant health problem, especially in children living in urban areas. The Doctor Game: Vitamin C, lysine can help curb heart attacks (PubMed), 159. 2009;29(3):809-815. Freeman; 1970. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2015;4(11). Can J Cardiol. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective before-after study. PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs is Possible Cigarette smoking or second-hand exposure to cigarette smoke contributes to increased blood lead concentration and a state of chronic low-level lead exposure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Linus Pauling Recommendations 1. Collagen is required to keep our arteries flexible and strong. (PubMed), 186. In addition, there is currently little evidence to support a role for vitamin C in the management of patients with gout (123). (PubMed), 99. The effect of intravenous vitamin C infusion on periprocedural myocardial injury for patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. 2016;94(3):e170-176. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;151(6):1229-1238. Early symptoms of scurvy like fatigue may result from diminished levels of carnitine, which is needed to derive energy from fat, or from decreased synthesis of the catecholamine norepinephrine (see Function). Compared to standard-of-care, this intervention cocktail more than halved the mean duration of vasopressor use (18.3 h versus 54.9 h) and reduced the odds of mortality by nearly 90% (156). This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). Ashor AW, Werner AD, Lara J, Willis ND, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. How to do the Rath /Pauling Therapy - Heal Yourself At Home (PubMed), 149. (PubMed), 59. In some patients, vitamin C dosages may rise as high as 18 grams per day (Linus Pauling's daily dosage), and at high levels, the mineral dosages could cause problems/imbalances. (PubMed). In order to overcome such limitations, some prospective studies measured plasma or serum concentrations of vitamin C as a more reliable index of vitamin C intake and biomarker of body vitamin C status. Br J Nutr. Diabetes Care. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. 1994;151(4):834-837. While the Sesso study showed no mortality benefit, many previous studies such as the Enstrom Study showed a striking 40% reduction in all-cause mortality over 6 years from the same 500 mg daily vitamin C . Kabat GC, Kim MY, Wactawski-Wende J, Shikany JM, Vitolins MZ, Rohan TE. Am Heart J. If you wish to check foods for their vitamin C content, search USDA's FoodData Central. Marginal ascorbate status (hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to vitamin C supplementation. (PubMed), 198. Making sense of early high-dose intravenous vitamin C in ischemia/reperfusion injury. A much larger study of 19,578 people, including 4,214 children from 6 to 16 years of age, found higher serum vitamin C concentrations to be associated with significantly lower blood lead concentrations (182). Age-related decline of sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. 1999;91(6):547-556. (PubMed), 35. (PubMed), 174. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally aging mice. This highlights the fact that limitations associated with dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires may be overcome by using biomarkers of nutrient intake (50, 51). 2013;1(5):e239-240. Montvale: Thomson Reuters; 2008. (PubMed), 106. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. 2013;22(12):2202-2211. An analysis that combined data from three, large, independent prospective cohorts, (1) Nurses Health Study 1 (NHS1; 88,540 women, median age 49 years); (2) Nurses Health Study 2 (NHS2; 97,315 women, median age 36 years); and (3) Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 37,375 men, median age 52 years), found no association between the level of vitamin C intake and risk of developing hypertension (40). In 2004, a pooled analysis of nine prospective cohort studies found that supplemental vitamin C intake (400 mg/day for a mean of 10 years), but not dietary vitamin C intake, was inversely associated with CHD risk (46). Eur J Cancer. To get the best results here, I recommend Cardio-C from the Vitamin C Foundation. The protocol also limited microvascular dysfunction (i.e., improved microcirculatory perfusion) and improved left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge (on day 84) (138, 139). In contrast, trials are intervention studies that can establish a causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome, e.g., by evaluating the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence of chronic disease in participants randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C or placebo for a given length of time. (PubMed), 37. Chen GC, Lu DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. Accessed 6/22/18. Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. 2018;22(1):70. A meta-analysis of 10 trials that examined antioxidant vitamins, of which five included vitamin C, found no association between any antioxidant vitamin (vitamin C, vitamin E, or -carotene), administered alone or in combination, and risk of stroke (60). Adjuvant effect of vitamin C on omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Arthritis Rheum. 1951;113:628-631. However, in test tube experiments, vitamin C can interact with some free metal ions and lead to the generation of potentially damaging free radicals. In a small, longitudinal biomarker study in 32 individuals with probable AD, a higher CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio at baseline was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline at one year of follow-up (103). (PubMed), 191. Wang ZJ, Hu WK, Liu YY, et al. (PubMed), 4 Young JI, Zuchner S, Wang G. Regulation of the epigenome by vitamin C. Annu Rev Nutr. Wang L, Sesso HD, Glynn RJ, et al. Am J Epidemiol. Front Oncol. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). 2012(3):Cd007176. Potentiation of in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte responses. Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. 2008;26(3):297-304. However, none of these alleged adverse health effects have been confirmed in subsequent studies, and there is no reliable scientific evidence that doses of vitamin C up to 10 g/day in adults are toxic or detrimental to health. Yet, short-term randomized controlled studies have found no effect of vitamin C supplementation on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1c concentrations in healthy individuals (87). Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (PubMed), 52. A US national survey of more than 10,000 adults found that blood lead concentrations were inversely related to serum vitamin C concentrations (183). Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM. 2014;6(9):3818-3846. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center 2015(9):Cd004072. Of note, a subgroup analysis in one of the meta-analyses showed a reduction of post-operative atrial fibrillation with vitamin C in non US-based trials (10 trials) but no effect of vitamin C in US-based trials (5 trials) (140). Using this approach, Dr. Pauling suggested in the early 1970s that the optimum daily intake may be about 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C and that everyone should get at least 200 to 250 mg/day.
